Observational epidemiological studies are prone to confounding, reverse causation and
various biases and have generated findings that have proved to be unreliable indicators of the …

… 1 for a brief recap of the method and its assumptions; for readers not familiar with Mendelian
randomization reading the current paper in conjunction with Davey Smith and Hemani (2) is …

… Davey Smith G, Hemani G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference
… Evans DM, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: new applications in the coming age of …

Trait-associated genetic variants affect complex phenotypes primarily via regulatory mechanisms
on the transcriptome. To investigate the genetics of gene expression, we performed cis…

… A SNP with (for example) effect/non-effect alleles G/T for the exposure and T/G for the … SNPs
that are reported as (for example) G/T for the exposure summary dataset and C/A for the out…

Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide
significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing …

… LDSC regression 10 was used to calculate pairwise genetic correlations (r G ) to determine
the extent of overlap in the genetic architectures across the three non-overlapping cohorts …

Numerous observational studies have attempted to identify risk factors for infection with
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease outcomes. Studies have used datasets sampled from …

… between G and X that do not relate to direct effects of G. … -wide genetic correlations (r g )
between educational attainment and … on r g , we compared estimates of r g using population and …

… obtain ρ g,x o < ρ g,y o because ρ g,x o could be underestimated more than ρ g,y o . …
The maximum measurement imprecision of x o is ρ g,x o , because it is known that at least …