Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process by which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles
are catabolized 1 , 2 . During starvation, the protein TOR (target of rapamycin), a nutrient…

The retromer complex mediates retrograde transport of transmembrane cargo from endosomes
to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Mammalian retromer is composed of a sorting nexin (…

Lipid droplets (LDs) are cytoplasmic organelles that store neutral lipids for use as an energy
supply in times of nutrient deprivation and for membrane assembly. Misregulation of LD …

Adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) is the most recently discovered and least well-characterized member
of the family of heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes that mediate sorting of …

The biosynthetic sorting of acid hydrolases to lysosomes relies on transmembrane, mannose
6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) that cycle between the TGN and endosomes. Herein we …

Previous studies have indicated a role for clathrin, the clathrin adaptors AP1 and epsinR,
and the retromer complex in retrograde sorting from early/recycling endosomes to the trans …

Clathrin and retromer have key functions for retrograde trafficking between early endosomes
and the trans‐Golgi network (TGN). Previous studies on Shiga toxin suggested that these …

The Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex mediates tethering and fusion of
endosome-derived transport carriers to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In the yeast …

The trans-Golgi matrix consists of a group of proteins dynamically associated with the trans-Golgi
and thought to be involved in anterograde and retrograde Golgi traffic, as well as …

Lactate is an energy substrate and an intercellular signal, which can be monitored in intact
cells with the genetically encoded FRET indicator Laconic. However, the structural complexity…