Similarity of genetic and phenotypic variation patterns among populations is important for
making quantitative inferences about past evolutionary forces acting to differentiate …

Morphological integration refers to the modular structuring of inter-trait relationships in an
organism, which could bias the direction and rate of morphological change, either constraining …

Abstract Changes in patterns and magnitudes of integration may influence the ability of a
species to respond to selection. Consequently, modularity has often been linked to the concept …

New World monkeys (NWM) display substantial variation (two orders of magnitude) in body
size. Despite this, variation in skull size and associated shape show a conserved allometric …

Modularity is a central concept in modern biology, providing a powerful framework for the study
of living organisms on many organizational levels. Two central and related questions can …

Comparisons of covariance patterns are becoming more common as interest in the evolution
of relationships between traits and in the evolutionary phenotypic diversification of clades …

Allometry is a major determinant of within-population patterns of association among traits and,
therefore, a major component of morphological integration studies. Even so, the influence …

Modularity has emerged as a central concept for evolutionary biology, thereby providing the
field with a theory of organismal structure and variation. This theory has reframed long-…

Morphological integration refers to the fact that different phenotypic traits of organisms are not
fully independent from each other, and tend to covary to different degrees. The covariation …

… We tested this assumption previously for New World monkey (NWM) cranial variation (Cheverud
1996; Marroig and Cheverud 2001), supporting our use of P matrices in this study of …