Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump. The primary photochemical event
upon light absorption is isomerization of the retinal chromophore. Here we used time-resolved …

The high peak brilliance and femtosecond pulse duration of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs)
provide new scientific opportunities for experiments in physics, chemistry and biology. In …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable crystallographic structure determination beyond
the limitations imposed upon synchrotron measurements by radiation damage. The need for …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable novel experiments because of their high peak
brilliance and femtosecond pulse duration. However, non-superconducting XFELs offer …

Time-resolved crystallography with X-ray free-electron lasers enables structural characterization
of light-induced reactions on ultrafast timescales. To be biologically and chemically …

Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) serve as markers in advanced
fluorescence imaging. Photoswitching from a non-fluorescent off-state to a fluorescent on-state …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable obtaining novel insights in structural biology. The
recently available MHz repetition rate XFELs allow full data sets to be collected in shorter …

Crystallography chips are fixed-target supports consisting of a film (for example Kapton) or
wafer (for example silicon) that is processed using semiconductor-microfabrication …

High-intensity femtosecond pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser enable pump–probe
experiments for the investigation of electronic and nuclear changes during light-induced …

Cry11Aa and Cry11Ba are the two most potent toxins produced by mosquitocidal Bacillus
thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and jegathesan, respectively. The toxins naturally crystallize …