The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic (ad 1346–1353) has been a topic of
continuous investigation because of the pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-…

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health
problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated …

The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian
steppe during the first millennium BCE. Because of the lack of first-hand written records, little is …

The Avars settled the Carpathian Basin in 567/68 CE, establishing an empire lasting over 200
years. Who they were and where they came from is highly debated. Contemporaries have …

The origin, development, and legacy of the enigmatic Etruscan civilization from the central
region of the Italian peninsula known as Etruria have been debated for centuries. Here we …

The human genetic diversity of the Americas has been affected by several events of gene flow
that have continued since the colonial era and the Atlantic slave trade. Moreover, multiple …

The Neolithic and Bronze Ages were highly transformative periods for the genetic history of
Europe but for the Aegean—a region fundamental to Europe’s prehistory—the biological …

The Mediterranean shores stretching between Sicily, Southern Italy and the Southern
Balkans witnessed a long series of migration processes and cultural exchanges. Accordingly, …

Although Tibetans and Sherpa present several physiological adjustments evolved to cope
with selective pressures imposed by the high-altitude environment, especially hypobaric …

Extensive European and African admixture coupled with loss of Amerindian lineages makes
the reconstruction of pre-Columbian history of Native Americans based on present-day …