Biological color may be adaptive or incidental, seasonal or permanent, species- or
population-specific, or modified for breeding, defense or camouflage. Although color is a hugely …

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are biopersistent, global pollutants.
Although some in vitro and epidemiological studies have explored the neurotoxic potential …

The ability to recognize others is a frequent assumption of models of the evolution of
cooperation. At the same time, cooperative behavior has been proposed as a selective agent …

Teeth tell the tale of interactions between predator and prey. If a dental battery is made up of
teeth that look similar, they are morphologically homodont, but if there is an unspecified …

Vertebrate dentitions are often collapsed into a few discrete categories, obscuring both
potentially important functional differences between them and insight into their evolution. The …

Colour pattern variation provides biological information in fields ranging from disease ecology
to speciation dynamics. Comparing colour pattern geometries across images requires …

Most predatory ray-finned fishes swallow their food whole, which can pose a significant
challenge, given that prey items can be half as large as the predators themselves. How do fish …

The evolution of constriction and of large prey ingestion within snakes are key innovations
that may explain the remarkable diversity, distribution and ecological scope of this clade, …

Multifunctionality is often framed as a core constraint of evolution, yet many evolutionary
transitions involve traits taking on additional functions. Mouthbrooding, a form of parental care …

Color is an important source of biological information in fields ranging from disease ecology
to sexual selection. Despite its importance, most metrics for color are restricted to point …