Anecdotal evidence suggests that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, exhibits differences in morbidity and mortality between sexes. Here, …

Zoonotic introduction of novel coronaviruses may encounter preexisting immunity in humans.
Using diverse assays for antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we detected …

Background A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop a hyperinflammatory
syndrome, which might contribute to morbidity and mortality. This study explores a specific …

Type 1 interferons (IFN) are an antiviral cytokine family, important in juvenile onset systemic
lupus erythematosus (jSLE) which is more common in females, around puberty. We report …

Background Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare autoimmune rheumatic
disease characterised by more severe disease manifestations, earlier damage accrual, …

Background Sexual dimorphisms, which vary depending on age group and pubertal status,
have been described across both the innate and adaptive immune system. We explored the …

Background: There have been anecdotal reports of a male sex bias in COVID-19. We aimed
to perform a meta-analysis of available case reports to investigate whether there was a …

Background Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality in patients with juvenile-onset
systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE). Traditional factors for cardiovascular risk (CVR) …

Objective Similarities in the clinical and laboratory features of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS)
and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have led to attempts to treat patients with …

The differences between male and female immune systems are an under-researched field,
ripe for discovery. This is evidenced by the stark sex biases seen in autoimmunity and …