Wild ducks are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses that can be transmitted to domestic
poultry and mammals, including humans. Of the 16 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of influenza …

A novel reassortant derived from North American triple-reassortant (TRsw) and Eurasian
swine (EAsw) influenza viruses acquired sustained human-to-human transmissibility and …

The molecular mechanism by which pandemic 2009 influenza A viruses were able to
sufficiently adapt to humans is largely unknown. Subsequent human infections with novel H1N1 …

Background Chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of Influenza A
viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. In particular, H5 and H7 …

In Egypt, efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in poultry and in
humans have failed despite increased biosecurity, quarantine, and vaccination at poultry farms. …

Background The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a popular domestic poultry species
and an increasingly significant model species in avian developmental, behavioural and …

Waterfowl represent the natural reservoir of all subtypes of influenza A viruses, including
H5N1. Ducks are especially considered major contributors to the spread of H5N1 influenza A …

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that continues to evolve and threaten
both veterinary and human public health. Influenza A viruses are continually undergoing …

To elucidate the role of sparrows as intermediate hosts of highly pathogenic avian influenza
H5N1 viruses, we assessed shedding and interspecies waterborne transmission of A/duck/…

The rapid evolution, genetic diversity, broad host range, and increasing human infection with
avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses highlight the need for an efficacious cross-clade vaccine. …