Shoreline armoring is widespread in many parts of the protected inland waters of the Pacific
Northwest, USA, but impacts on physical and biological features of local nearshore …

The dynamics of foundation species in ecosystems are key to the fate of many species. Kelp
forests are foundation species in temperate ocean ecosystems and contribute to carbon …

Kelp forests form an important biogenic habitat that responds to natural and human drivers.
Global concerns exist about threats to kelp forests, yet long-term information is limited and …

Canopy-forming kelps are foundation species in many coastal ecosystems, but kelp-forest
communities are subject to abrupt state changes caused by environmental drivers and trophic …

The coastal marine ecosystem near the Elwha River was altered by a massive sediment
influx—over 10 million tonnes—during the staged three-year removal of two hydropower dams. …

Results Between 2000 and 2002, we sampled 66-76 sites per year in 47-56 field days per
year. This sampling effort represents approximately 15% of the flats stratum population and 2…

Warming ocean temperatures have been linked to kelp forest declines worldwide, and
elevated temperatures can act synergistically with other local stressors to exacerbate kelp loss. …

The recovery of predators has the potential to restore ecosystems and fundamentally alter the
services they provide. One iconic example of this is keystone predation by sea otters in the …

The coastal zone is an intrinsic part of the northwest culture. For Native Americans, the coast
has been a provider of food and a transportation zone for millennia. European settlement …

Dam removal is used increasingly to restore aquatic ecosystems and remove unnecessary
or high-risk infrastructure. As the number of removals increases, there is a growing …