Antigen receptors on the surface of B lymphocytes trigger adaptive immune responses after
encountering their cognate antigens but also control a series of antigen-independent …

A switchlike response in nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) activity implies the existence of a threshold
in the NF-κB signaling module. We show that the CARD-containing MAGUK protein 1 (…

The B cell antigen receptor (BCR)–mediated activation of IκB kinase (IKK) and nuclear factor–κB
require protein kinase C (PKC)β; however, the mechanism by which PKCβ regulates …

B cell receptor (BCR) recognition of membrane-bound antigen initiates a spreading and
contraction response, the extent of which is controlled through the formation of signaling-active …

… Protein kinase C (PKC) β has been reported (Shinohara, H., T. Yasuda, Y. Aiba, H. …
Shinohara from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. …

Recent studies have revealed that a variety of malignant tumors express Fas and/or its
ligand FasL. However, tumor cells expressing Fas are not always susceptible to Fas-mediated …

Dok-1 and Dok-2 are closely related rasGAP-associated docking proteins expressed
preferentially in hematopoietic cells. Although they are phosphorylated upon activation of many …

Endotoxin, a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), causes fatal septic shock via Toll-like receptor
(TLR)4 on effector cells of innate immunity like macrophages, where it activates nuclear …

The Carma1–Bcl10–Malt1 (CBM) complex bridges T‐cell receptor (TCR) signalling to the
canonical IκB kinase (IKK)/NF‐κB pathway. NF‐κB activation is triggered by PKCθ‐dependent …

NF-κB is a transcription factor that activates super enhancers (SEs) and typical enhancers (TEs)
and triggers threshold and graded gene expression, respectively. However, the …