Bacteria can form single- and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon
the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial …

Some individuals who are infected with HIV rapidly deteriorate shortly after starting
antiretroviral therapy, despite effective viral suppression. This reaction, referred to as immune …

Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) is a life‐saving intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (
HIV ) infection. Immune restoration after ART dramatically reduces the incidence and …

Background . Chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with intestinal
permeability and microbial translocation that contributes to systemic immune activation, …

The programmed death (PD)-1 molecule and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), negative
regulatory members of the B7 family, play an important role in peripheral tolerance. Previous …

Background . Substantial morbidity occurs during the first year of antiretroviral therapy (ART)
in persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease despite HIV …

This paper analyses nutrient conversions, which are taking place in integrated intensive
aquaculture systems. In these systems fish is cultured next to other organisms, which are …

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a common gamma chain receptor cytokine implicated in thymopoiesis
and in peripheral expansion and survival of T lymphocytes. The safety and activity of …

Background Limited knowledge exists on early HIV events that may inform preventive and
therapeutic strategies. This study aims to characterize the earliest immunologic and virologic …

HIV persists in latently infected memory CD4 + T cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART).
When administered to HIV-infected subjects receiving suppressive ART, interleukin-7 (IL-7) …