Inhibition of immune regulatory checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 and the PD-1-PD-L1 axis, is at
the forefront of immunotherapy for cancers of various histological types. However, such …

The equilibrium linking the intestinal microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the host
immune system establishes host health and homeostasis, with perturbations of this balance …

Peptidoglycans ( PGN ) are a constituent of the bacterial cell wall, and are shed as bacteria
divide. The presence of PGN is therefore a marker of bacterial activity that has been …

Antibodies targeting CTLA-4 have been successfully used as cancer immunotherapy. We
find that the antitumor effects of CTLA-4 blockade depend on distinct Bacteroides species. In …

Cyclophosphamide is one of several clinically important cancer drugs whose therapeutic
efficacy is due in part to their ability to stimulate antitumor immune responses. Studying mouse …

Intestinal homeostasis is critical for efficient energy extraction from food and protection from
pathogens. Its disruption can lead to an array of severe illnesses with major impacts on …

The efficacy of the anti-cancer immunomodulatory agent cyclophosphamide (CTX) relies on
intestinal bacteria. How and which relevant bacterial species are involved in tumor …

The highly conserved WalK/WalR (also known as YycG/YycF) two-component system is
specific to low-G+C gram-positive bacteria. While this system is essential for cell viability, both …

Background and aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to a loss of
tolerance towards the resident microflora. Therapeutic use of probiotics is known to be strain …

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Recent observations have revealed
an association between mood disorders and alterations of the intestinal microbiota. Here, …