Cross‐presentation involves the uptake and processing of exogenous antigens within the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. This process is primarily performed …

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide selection signals to germinal center B cells, which is
essential for long-lived antibody responses. High CXCR5 and low CCR7 expression facilitates …

During acute infections, a small population of effector CD8 + T cells evades terminal
differentiation and survives as long-lived memory T cells. We demonstrate that the transcriptional …

Interactions with the microbiota influence many aspects of immunity, including immune cell
development, differentiation, and function. Here, we examined the impact of the microbiota on …

Protein kinase B (also known as AKT) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are
central regulators of T cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Here, we …

Infections with HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus can turn into chronic infections,
which currently affect more than 500 million patients worldwide. It is generally thought that virus…

CD4 + T cells differentiate into multiple effector types, but it is unclear how they form memory
T cells during infection in vivo. Profiling virus-specific CD4 + T cells revealed that effector …

CD8 + T cells that respond to chronic viral infections or cancer are characterized by the
expression of inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and by the …

Adenosine is an immunosuppressive factor that limits anti-tumor immunity through the
suppression of multiple immune subsets including T cells via activation of the adenosine A 2A …

First evidence of geometrical patterns and defined distances of biomolecules as fundamental
parameters to regulate receptor binding and cell signaling have emerged recently. Here, …