Morphological assessment of the degree of differentiation has been shown in numerous
studies to provide useful prognostic information in breast cancer, but until recently histological …

Purpose.— To update key recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College
of American Pathologists (CAP) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (…

BACKGROUND. Triple‐negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor‐negative, progesterone
receptor‐negative, and HER2‐negative) is a high risk breast cancer that lacks the benefit of …

Oestrogen receptor-α (ER) is the defining and driving transcription factor in the majority of
breast cancers and its target genes dictate cell growth and endocrine response, yet genomic …

Breast carcinomas are often infiltrated by inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages and T
lymphocytes, but the significance of these cells remains unclear. One possible role of these …

The genomic landscape of breast cancer is complex, and inter-and intra-tumour heterogeneity
are important challenges in treating the disease. In this study, we sequence 173 genes in …

In 1982 we constructed a prognostic index for patients with primary, operable breast cancer.
This index was based on a retrospective analysis of 9 factors in 387 patients. Only 3 of the …

Recent gene expression profiling of breast cancer has identified specific subtypes with clinical,
biologic, and therapeutic implications. The basal-like group of tumors is characterized by …

Background Immunohistochemical markers are often used to classify breast cancer into
subtypes that are biologically distinct and behave differently. The aim of this study was to …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with varied morphological appearances, molecular
features, behavior, and response to therapy. Current routine clinical management of …