Parasites, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths, and arthropods, are ubiquitous
in the animal kingdom. Consequently, hosts are frequently infected with more than one …

The heavy application of pesticides and its potential effects on natural communities has
attracted increasing attention to inadvertent impacts of these chemicals. Toxicologists …

Defensive toxins are widespread in nature, yet we know little about how various environmental
factors shape the evolution of chemical defense, especially in vertebrates. In this study …

Understanding how animal behavior can influence the susceptibility of endangered hosts to
emerging pathogens and using this knowledge to ameliorate negative effects of infectious …

Extreme temperatures during heat waves can induce mass-mortality events, but can also
exert sublethal negative effects by compromising life-history traits and derailing sexual …

Anthropogenic environmental change poses a special threat to species in which genetic
sex determination can be overwritten by the thermal and chemical environment. Endocrine …

The widespread application of pesticides emphasises the importance of understanding the
impacts of these chemicals on natural communities. The most commonly applied broad-…

The worldwide en masse application of pesticides and the frequently reported malign effects
on several non-target organisms underpin the importance of ecotoxicological research on …

Experimental evidence suggests that reproductive interference between heterospecifics can
seriously affect individual fitness; support from field studies for such an effect has, however, …

Background Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis,
one of the major causes of worldwide amphibian biodiversity loss. Many amphibians exhibit …