Recent years have witnessed the rise of the gut microbiota as a major topic of research
interest in biology. Studies are revealing how variations and changes in the composition of the …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS... 1907
IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 VI. …

Animal models are indispensable tools in the search to identify new antidepressant drugs
and to provide insights into the neuropathology that underlies the idiopathic disease state of …

There is increasing, but largely indirect, evidence pointing to an effect of commensal gut
microbiota on the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown whether lactic acid …

Since its introduction almost 20 years ago, the tail suspension test has become one of the
most widely used models for assessing antidepressant-like activity in mice. The test is based …

Gut microbiota is essential to human health, playing a major role in the bidirectional
communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The microbiota …

The gut microbiota interacts with the host via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine and neural
pathways. These pathways are components of the brain-gut-microbiota axis and preclinical …

Psychiatry has proven to be among the least penetrable clinical disciplines for the
development of satisfactory in vivo model systems for evaluating novel treatment approaches. …

Here, we define a psychobiotic as a live organism that, when ingested in adequate amounts,
produces a health benefit in patients suffering from psychiatric illness. As a class of probiotic…

The concept that the gut microbiota serves as a virtual endocrine organ arises from a number
of important observations. Evidence for a direct role arises from its metabolic capacity to …