A number of studies have shown that pupil size increases transiently during effortful decisions.
These decision-related changes in pupil size are mediated by central neuromodulatory …

… Now, de Gee et al. have exploited this link to unravel how changes in brain arousal lead to
… As the volunteers performed the task, de Gee et al. measured their brain activity and the size …

10.7554/eLife.46331.001 Perceptual choices depend not only on the current sensory input
but also on the behavioral context, such as the history of one’s own choices. Yet, it remains …

… Contributed equally to this work with: Tomas Knapen, Jan Willem de Gee … Jan Willem
de Gee , Contributed equally to this work with: Tomas Knapen, Jan Willem de Gee …

… Copyright de Gee et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the …

10.7554/eLife.37321.001 Decision bias is traditionally conceptualized as an internal
reference against which sensory evidence is compared. Instead, we show that individuals …

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is thought to affect neural activity by recruiting brain-wide
release of neuromodulators. VNS is used in treatment-resistant epilepsy, and is increasingly …

… after accounting for correlations with other brainstem nuclei (de Gee et al. , their Figure 8H).
… coeruleus and substantia nigra are functionally coupled (de Gee et al. , their Figure 8G). …

Perceptual decision-making is highly dependent on the momentary arousal state of the brain,
which fluctuates over time on a scale of hours, minutes, and even seconds. The textbook …

Central to human and animal cognition is the ability to learn from feedback in order to optimize
future rewards. Such a learning signal might be encoded and broadcasted by the brain’s …