Evidence is mounting that extinctions are altering key processes important to the productivity
and sustainability of Earth’s ecosystems 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Further species loss will accelerate …

The importance of biodiversity for the integrated functioning of ecosystems remains unclear
because most evidence comes from analyses of biodiversity’s effect on individual functions. …

Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate
and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of …

Extensive research shows that more species‐rich assemblages are generally more productive
and efficient in resource use than comparable assemblages with fewer species. But the …

Human activities are fundamentally altering biodiversity. Projections of declines at the global
scale are contrasted by highly variable trends at local scales, suggesting that biodiversity …

While marine kelp forests have provided valuable ecosystem services for millennia, the global
ecological and economic value of those services is largely unresolved. Kelp forests are …

Marine ecosystems are experiencing rapid and pervasive changes in biodiversity and species
composition. Understanding the ecosystem consequences of these changes is critical to …

Despite substantial progress in understanding global biodiversity loss, major taxonomic and
geographic knowledge gaps remain. Decision makers often rely on expert judgement to fill …

It is well established that species richness of primary producers and primary consumers can
enhance efficiency of resource uptake and biomass production of respective trophic levels. …

Humans have elevated global extinction rates and thus lowered global scale species
richness. However, there is no a priori reason to expect that losses of global species richness …