Many ecosystems are influenced simultaneously by multiple stressors, and the consequences
of stressors are often unpredictable on the basis of knowledge of single effects. …

The potential for complex synergistic or antagonistic interactions between multiple stressors
presents one of the largest uncertainties when predicting ecological change but, despite …

Global climate change is likely to modify the ecological consequences of currently acting
stressors, but potentially important interactions between climate warming and land‐use related …

Anthropogenic environmental changes, or ‘stressors’, increasingly threaten biodiversity and
ecosystem functioning worldwide. Multiple-stressor research is a rapidly expanding field of …

The bioassessment of aquatic ecosystems is currently based on various biotic indices that
use the occurrence and/or abundance of selected taxonomic groups to define ecological …

Benthic algal communities are shaped by the availability of nutrients and light and by
herbivore consumption. Many studies have examined how one of these factors affects algal …

Changes to land use affect streams through nutrient enrichment, increased inputs of
sediment and, where riparian vegetation has been removed, raised water temperature. We …

Bioindication has become an indispensable part of water quality monitoring in most countries
of the world, with the presence and abundance of bioindicator taxa, mostly multicellular …

Global environmental change is driven by multiple anthropogenic stressors. Conservation
and restoration require understanding the individual and joint action of these stressors to …

The protection, preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and their functions are of
global importance. For European states it became legally binding mainly through the EU-…