Gene duplications allow evolution of genes with new functions. Here, we describe the
innovation-amplification-divergence (IAD) model in which the new function appears before …

How the enormous structural and functional diversity of new genes and proteins was generated
(estimated to be 10 10 –10 12 different proteins in all organisms on earth [Choi IG, Kim …

Antibiotic use is the main driver in the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Another unexplored
possibility is that resistance evolves coincidentally in response to other selective pressures…

Aminoglycoside resistance in bacteria can be acquired by several mechanisms, including
drug modification, target alteration, reduced uptake and increased efflux. Here we …

Experimental evolution under controlled laboratory conditions is becoming increasingly
important to address various evolutionary questions, including, for example, the dynamics and …

Genes introduced by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from other species constitute a significant
portion of many bacterial genomes, and the evolutionary dynamics of HGTs are important …

Synonymous mutations do not change the sequence of the polypeptide but they may still
influence fitness. We investigated in Salmonella enterica how four synonymous mutations in …

Streptomycin and spectinomycin are antibiotics that bind to the bacterial ribosome and perturb
protein synthesis. The clinically most prevalent bacterial resistance mechanism is their …

We have developed a new λ Red recombineering methodology for generating transient
selection markers that can be used to transfer mutations between bacterial strains of both …

New genes can arise by duplication and divergence, but there is a fundamental gap in our
understanding of the relationship between these genes, the evolving proteins they encode, …