Transcription factors regulate gene expression through their binding to DNA. In a living
Escherichia coli cell, we directly observed specific binding of a lac repressor, labeled with a …

Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate the expression of genes by binding
sequence-specific sites on the chromosome. It has been proposed that to find these sites fast …

The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are aggravated by incorrect
prescription and use of antibiotics. A core problem is that there is no sufficiently fast diagnostic test …

The RelA-mediated stringent response is at the heart of bacterial adaptation to starvation
and stress, playing a major role in the bacterial cell cycle and virulence. RelA integrates …

Abstract Systems biology has experienced dramatic growth in the number, size, and
complexity of computational models. To reproduce simulation results and reuse models, …

In the past decades, advances in microscopy have made it possible to study the dynamics of
individual biomolecules in vitro and resolve intramolecular kinetics that would otherwise be …

We introduce MINFLUX, a concept for localizing photon emitters in space. By probing the
emitter with a local intensity minimum of excitation light, MINFLUX minimizes the fluorescence …

Bi-stable chemical systems are the basic building blocks for intracellular memory and cell
fate decision circuits. These circuits are built from molecules, which are present at low copy …

Aminoacylated (charged) transfer RNA isoacceptors read different messenger RNA codons
for the same amino acid. The concentration of an isoacceptor and its charged fraction are …

Hfq, a protein required for small RNA (sRNA)-mediated regulation in bacteria, binds RNA
with low-nanomolar K d values and long half-lives of complexes (>100 min). This cannot be …