The function of the liver as an important constituent of the immune system involved in innate
as well as adaptive immunity is warranted by different highly specialized cell populations. As …

In macrophages detection of gram-negative bacteria particularly involves binding of the
outer-wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to its cognate receptor complex, comprising Toll …

Recently we have shown that influenza A virus infection leads to activation of the
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and that this cellular reaction is dependent on the …

Eighty percent of patients newly infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop chronic
infection, suggesting that HCV can develop effective strategies to escape the unspecific and …

The type I interferon (IFN) system is a first line of defense against viral infections. Viruses
have developed various mechanisms to counteract this response. So far, the interferon …

Recent findings indicate that cytokine signaling can be modulated by other mediators of
simultaneously activated signal transduction pathways. In this study we show that LPS and …

It is currently not well known how necroptosis and necroptosis responses manifest in vivo.
Here, we uncovered a molecular switch facilitating reprogramming between two alternative …

That cholestatic conditions are accompanied by an enhanced susceptibility to bacterial
infection in human and animal models is a known phenomenon. This correlates with the …

Objective Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9, a member of the transforming growth factor-β
family of cytokines, is constitutively produced in the liver. Systemic levels act on many …

The potential of some proinflammatory mediators to inhibit gp130-dependent STAT3
activation by enhancing suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 expression represents an …