Specialized secretion systems are used by numerous bacterial pathogens to export virulence
factors into host target cells. Leishmania and other eukaryotic intracellular pathogens also …

We investigated the properties of leishmania exosomes with respect to influencing innate
and adaptive immune responses. Exosomes from Leishmania donovani modulated human …

Vaccination of the global population against COVID-19 is a great scientific, logistical, and
moral challenge. Despite the rapid development and authorization of several full-length Spike (…

The release of exosomes and other microvesicles by diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
and organisms was first appreciated early in the 20th century. The functional properties of …

Herein, we review evidence supporting a role for Leishmania exosomes during early
infection. We suggest a model in which Leishmania secreted microvesicles released into the …

Authorized vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 remain less available in low- and middle-income
countries due to insufficient supply, high costs, and storage requirements. Global immunity …

Evasion or subversion of host immune responses is a well-established paradigm in infection
with visceralizing leishmania. In this review, we summarize current findings supporting a …

Global containment of COVID-19 still requires accessible and affordable vaccines for low-
and middle-income countries (LMICs). Recently approved vaccines provide needed …

Global containment of COVID-19 still requires accessible and affordable vaccines for low-and
middle-income countries (LMICs). 1 Recently approved vaccines provide needed …

Low-cost, refrigerator-stable COVID-19 vaccines will facilitate global access and improve
vaccine coverage in low- and middle-income countries. To this end, subunit-based approaches …