Sialic acids (Sias) are abundantly displayed on the surfaces of vertebrate cells, and particularly
on all mucosal surfaces. Sias interact with microbes of many types, and are the targets of …

Sialic acids (Sias) are important glycans displayed on the cells and tissues of many different
animals and are frequent targets for binding and modification by pathogens, including …

Sialic acids (Sia) are widely displayed on the surfaces of cells and tissues. Sia come in a
variety of chemically modified forms, including those with acetyl modifications at the C-7, C-8, …

Cancers utilize glycans to evade the immune system via the Sialic acid (Sia)-Siglec (Sialic-acid-binding
immunoglobulin-like lectins) pathway. Specifically, atypical structural forms of …

Sialic acids (Sia) are the primary receptors for influenza viruses and are widely displayed
on cell surfaces and in secreted mucus. Sia may be present in variant forms that include O-…

Typhoid toxin is an A 2 B 5 toxin secreted from Salmonella Typhi-infected cells during
human infection and is suggested to contribute to typhoid disease progression and the …

Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of the tooth
surface. Although generally non-pathogenic in the oral environment, they are a frequent cause …

The influenza D virus (IDV) uses a trimeric hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein (HEF) for
attachment to 9-O-acetylated sialic acid receptors on the cell surface of host species. So far …

Influenza A viruses have regularly jumped to new host species to cause epidemics or pandemics,
an evolutionary process that involves variation in the viral traits necessary to overcome …

Viruses are often cultured in cell lines for research and vaccine development, and those
often differ from the natural hosts or tissues. Cell lines can also differ in the presence of virus …