In spite of recent interest in sexual selection in females, debate exists over whether traits
that influence female–female competition are sexually selected. This review uses female–…

Testosterone (T) regulates many traits related to fitness, including aggression. However,
individual variation in aggressiveness does not always relate to circulating T, suggesting that …

While much research has focused on the evolution of conspicuous male displays, ornaments
and behaviours, less is understood about the evolution of similar traits in females. To …

Female–female aggression often functions in competition over reproductive or social
benefits, but the proximate mechanisms of this apparently adaptive behaviour are not well …

Research on male animals suggests that the hormone testosterone plays a central role in
mediating the trade-off between mating effort and parental effort. However, the direct links …

Despite sharing much of their genomes, males and females are often highly dimorphic,
reflecting at least in part the resolution of sexual conflict in response to sexually antagonistic …

The bi-directional links between hormones and behavior have been a rich area of research
for decades. Theory on the evolution of testosterone (T) was greatly advanced by the …

Periods of social instability can elicit adaptive phenotypic plasticity to promote success in
future competition. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have primarily been …

Like Darwin's tangled bank of biodiversity, the endocrine mechanisms that give rise to
phenotypic diversity also exhibit nearly endless forms. This tangled bank of mechanistic diversity …

In many vertebrates, males increase circulating testosterone (T) levels in response to
seasonal and social changes in competition. Females are also capable of producing and …