The cytokines LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) and BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein–2)
signal through different receptors and transcription factors, namely STATs (signal transducers …

It has become apparent that chromatin modification plays a critical role in the regulation of
cell-type-specific gene expression. Here, we show that an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, …

In adult hippocampus, new neurons are continuously generated from neural stem cells (NSCs),
but the molecular mechanisms regulating adult neurogenesis remain elusive. We found …

Astrocyte differentiation, which occurs late in brain development, is largely dependent on
the activation of a transcription factor, STAT3. We show that astrocytes, as judged by glial …

Long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1 or L1s) are abundant retrotransposons that
comprise approximately 20% of mammalian genomes 1 , 2 , 3 . Active L1 retrotransposons …

The female germ line undergoes a unique sequence of differentiation processes that confers
totipotency to the egg 1 , 2 . The reconstitution of these events in vitro using pluripotent …

Fetal liver, the major site of hematopoiesis during embryonic development, acquires
additional various metabolic functions near birth. Although liver development has been …

Discovering the molecular mechanisms that regulate neuron-specific gene expression
remains a central challenge for CNS research. Here, we report that small, noncoding double-…

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus divide infrequently, and the molecules
that modulate their quiescence are largely unknown. Here, we show that bone morphogenetic …

The finding of neurogenesis in the adult brain led to the discovery of adult neural stem cells
1 . TLX was initially identified as an orphan nuclear receptor expressed in vertebrate …