Minimally invasive percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) with a transforaminal approach
under local anesthesia was started in the late 20th century. As the procedure requires a …

Glucocorticoids are the drugs most commonly used to manage inflammatory diseases.
However, they are prone to inducing muscle atrophy by increasing muscle proteolysis and …

Introduction A sacral insufficiency fracture (SIF) often manifests as low back pain or sciatica
in the absence of any antecedent trauma. These fractures may be missed because of lack of …

Background Full-endoscopic lumbar surgery is used for decompression of lumbar spinal
canal stenosis. Now, a cage can be inserted through Kambin's triangle for lumbar interbody …

Purpose of the review Transforaminal full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) under
local anesthesia was first introduced in Japan in 2003. Initially referred to as percutaneous …

Purpose To investigate the association of spinal anomalies with lumbar spondylolysis and
spina bifida occulta (SBO). Methods A total of 1190 patients with thoracic, abdominal, and …

Aims Although lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are well-documented, few large-scale
studies have investigated thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TLTV) and spinal …

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of the supine
Napoleon test (a variation of the belly-press test that reduces compensatory motion) with other …

Background: There is few reports evaluated accurately the pain generator of low back pain
in elite athletes. The purpose of this report was to show case series and to investigate the …

Full-endoscopic spinal surgery was first developed for the lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus.
Mainly, there are two types in the full-endoscopic lumbar surgery: ie, transforaminal (TF) …