Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues. …

… (J to L) Ultrathin arrays and probes. (K) Neurogrid array: PEDOT:PSS-coated Au electrode
sites on 4-… (L) SU-8 and Au array on silk fibroin that can be dissolved away to leave a mesh. …

Severe behavioural deficits in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have
been hypothesized to arise from elevations in the cellular balance of excitation and inhibition …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have greatly …

Social interaction is a complex behavior essential for many species and is impaired in major
neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological studies have implicated certain …

Anxiety—a sustained state of heightened apprehension in the absence of immediate threat—becomes
severely debilitating in disease states 1 . Anxiety disorders represent the most …

Diverse optogenetic tools have allowed versatile control over neural activity. Many depolarizing
and hyperpolarizing tools have now been developed in multiple laboratories and tested …

In the study of complex mammalian behaviours, technological limitations have prevented
spatiotemporally precise control over intracellular signalling processes. Here we report the …

Despite a rapidly-growing scientific and clinical brain imaging literature based on functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) 1 …

The capture and utilization of light is an exquisitely evolved process. The single-component
microbial opsins, although more limited than multicomponent cascades in processing, …