Macrophages activated by the Gram-negative bacterial product lipopolysaccharide switch
their core metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis 1 . Here we show that …

The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain–containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome
is a component of the inflammatory process, and its aberrant activation is pathogenic in …

Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune responses,
which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and adaptive …

Introduction Trained immunity refers to the memory characteristics of the innate immune system.
Memory traits of innate immunity have been reported in plants and invertebrates, as well …

In recent years a substantial number of findings have been made in the area of immunometabolism,
by which we mean the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells …

Activated macrophages undergo metabolic reprogramming, which drives their pro-inflammatory
phenotype, but the mechanistic basis for this remains obscure. Here, we demonstrate …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was an important event for immunology research
and was recognized as such with the awarding of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or …

Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is an important inflammatory mediator of type 2 diabetes. Here we show
that oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a protein that forms amyloid deposits in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in host defence against invading pathogens, functioning
as primary sensors of microbial products and activating signalling pathways that induce …