Extracellular [K + ] can range within 2.5–3.5 mM under normal conditions to 50–80 mM under
ischemic and spreading depression events. Sustained exposure to elevated [K + ] o has …

The locus coeruleus (LC) provides the sole source of norepinephrine (NE) to the cortex for
modulation of cortical synaptic activity in response to salient sensory information. NE has …

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a primary influx route for water during brain edema formation. Here,
we provide evidence that brain swelling triggers Ca 2+ signaling in astrocytes and that …

Catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) in the dorsal pontine tegmentum
innervate the entire neuroaxis, with signaling actions implicated in the regulation of attention, …

Given the brain's uniquely high cell density and tissue oxygen levels bordering on hypoxia,
the ability to rapidly and precisely match blood flow to constantly changing patterns in neural …

Bipolar disorder (BD) poses a significant public health concern, with roughly one‐quarter of
sufferers attempting suicide. BD is characterized by manic and depressive mood cycles, the …

Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated sickness behaviour is known to be a result
of increased inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Inflammatory cytokines have been shown …

It was long thought that astrocytes, given their lack of electrical signaling, were not involved
in communication with neurons. However, we now know that one astrocyte on average …

Vimentin-expressing astrocytes in the adult are commonly associated with the proximal, most
reactive gliotic response ultimately leading to the formation of a new glial limitans. It was …

Diabetes is a prevalent metabolic disorder that has long been associated with changes in
different regions of the brain, including the hippocampus. Changes in hippocampal synaptic …