Increasing concerns about the rising rates of antibiotic therapy failure and advances in
single-cell analyses have inspired a surge of research into antibiotic persistence. Bacterial …

Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are diverse and widespread in the prokaryotic kingdom.
They are composed of closely linked genes encoding a stable toxin that can harm the host …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that are abundant in bacterial
genomes. Three types have been described so far, depending on the nature and mode of action …

Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein
and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA …

Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Type II toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are generally composed of two genes organized in an
operon, encoding a labile antitoxin and a stable toxin. They were first discovered on plasmids …

DNA topoisomerases perform essential roles in DNA replication, gene transcription, and
chromosome segregation. Recently, we identified a new type of topoisomerase II poison: the …

Streptococcus pyogenes ranks among the main causes of mortality from bacterial infections
worldwide. Currently there is no vaccine to prevent diseases such as rheumatic heart …

The ccd locus contributes to the stability of plasmid F by post‐segregational killing of
plasmid‐free bacteria. The ccdB gene product is a potent cell‐killing protein and its activity is …

Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widespread in prokaryote genomes, and
species frequently possess tens of plasmid and chromosomal TA loci. The complexes are …