As the Earth warms, many species are likely to disappear, often because of changing
disease dynamics. Here we show that a recent mass extinction associated with pathogen …

Although dramatic amphibian population declines have been reported worldwide, our
understanding of the extent of the declines in Latin America, where amphibian diversity is high, is …

The Neotropics contains half of remaining rainforests and Earth's largest reservoir of amphibian
biodiversity. However, determinants of Neotropical biodiversity (ie, vicariance, dispersals…

Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with
unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted …

Amphibian declines and extinctions are global and rapid: 32.5% of 5743 described species
are threatened, with at least 9, and perhaps 122, becoming extinct since 1980 (1). Species …

The Jambato Toad, Atelopus ignescens, is endemic to montane forests, inter-Andean valleys,
and paramos in Ecuador. Although formerly abundant and widely distributed, the species …

Background Advancements in portable scientific instruments provide promising avenues to
expedite field work in order to understand the diverse array of organisms that inhabit our …

Defensive mechanisms, including noxious or toxic substances, are favored by predation‐driven
natural selection. The acquisition of noxious/toxic substances can be either endogenous…

Ecuador is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, but faces severe pressures
and threats to its natural ecosystems. Numerous species have declined and require to be …

Multimodal signals facilitate communication with conspecifics during courtship, but they can
also alert eavesdropper predators. Hence, signallers face two pressures: enticing partners to …