… the means to suppress MAMP-triggered immunity through the action of effector proteins
that function to modulate plant innate immunity to ultimately enable a successful infection (Bolton …

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is the most common rust disease of wheat. The fungus
is an obligate parasite capable of producing infectious urediniospores as long as infected …

Research on effectors secreted by pathogens during host attack has dominated the field of
molecular plant–microbe interactions over recent years. Functional analysis of type III …

A deformation measurement system based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) and close-range
photogrammetry has been developed for use in geotechnical testing. In this paper, the …

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease in
a wide range of plants. This review summarizes current knowledge of mechanisms …

A study has been made of the micro mechanical origins of the irrecoverable compression of
aggregates which comprise brittle grains. The terms “yielding” and “plastic hardening” are …

Computer simulations of crushable agglomerates were performed using the PFC 3D computer
code, which adopts the distinct element method (DEM). Agglomerates were made by …

Fungal plant pathogens secrete effector molecules to establish disease on their hosts, and
plants in turn use immune receptors to try to intercept these effectors. The tomato immune …

The underlying mechanisms governing the behaviour of displacement piles in sand are not
well understood, leading to unreliability in design methods. A series of plane-strain …

This paper provides a micro-mechanical commentary on the macroscopic behaviour observed
in DEM simulations of the compression of individual crushable grains, and of triaxial tests …