… This species was chosen because of the huge size of its giant axon (~1 mm in diameter),
which allowed recording of electrical potentials along most of the axon. The successful …

Grid cells provide a neural representation of space, by discharging when an animal traverses
through the vertices of a periodic hexagonal grid spanning the environment 1 . Although …

Many animals, on air, water, or land, navigate in three-dimensional (3D) environments, yet it
remains unclear how brain circuits encode the animal's 3D position. We recorded single …

Vocal learning is a behavioral trait in which the social and acoustic environment shapes the
vocal repertoire of individuals. Over the past century, the study of vocal learning has …

Tissue regenerative potential displays striking divergence across phylogeny and ontogeny,
but the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative …

… The experiments described in this manuscript focus on the anterior dorsal striatum of the rat
at stereotaxic coordinates of 1.9 mm anterior and 2.4 mm lateral, relative to bregma. Each rat …

… The center of craniotomy was positioned over the frontal cortex of the bat at 1.7 mm lateral
to the midline and 12.19 mm anterior to the transverse sinus that runs between the posterior …

… A circular craniotomy (1.2 mm diameter) was made through the … 5.8 mm anterior to the
transverse sinus that runs between the posterior part of the cortex and the cerebellum, and 2.8 mm …

INTRODUCTION Many animals live and interact as part of social groups. Social groups
present unique advantages to their members, but also necessitate viable modes of …

Hippocampal theta oscillations were proposed to be important for multiple functions, including
memory and temporal coding of position. However, previous findings from bats have …