Most of our knowledge about the neurobiological bases of language comes from studies of
spoken languages. By studying signed languages, we can determine whether what we have …

Just as words can rhyme, the signs of a signed language can share structural properties,
such as location. Linguistic description at this level is termed phonology. We report that a left-…

In order to understand the evolution of human language, it is necessary to explore the neural
systems that support language processing in its many forms. In particular, it is informative to …

Deaf readers often fail to achieve age-appropriate reading levels. In hearing children, two
cognitive factors correlated with reading delay are phonological awareness and decoding (…

How are signed languages processed by the brain? This review briefly outlines some basic
principles of brain structure and function and the methodological principles and techniques …

Can the cortical substrates for the perception of face actions be distinguished when the
superficial visual qualities of these actions are very similar? Two fMRI experiments are reported. …

Gestures of the face, arms, and hands are components of signed languages used by Deaf
people. Signaling codes, such as the racecourse betting code known as Tic Tac, are also …

Speech production involves the generation of an auditory signal from the articulators and
vocal tract. When the intended auditory signal does not match the produced sounds, …

In a previous study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate
activation in auditory cortex during silent speechreading. Since image acquisition during fMRI …

In all signed languages used by deaf people, signs are executed in “sign space” in front of
the body. Some signed sentences use this space to map detailed “real-world” spatial …