Computations in the mammalian cortex are carried out by glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric
acid–releasing (GABAergic) neurons forming specialized circuits and areas. Here we asked …

The puzzle of how complex nervous systems emerged remains unsolved. Comparative studies
of neurodevelopment in cnidarians and bilaterians suggest that this process began with …

… Author links open overlay panel Maria Antonietta Tosches , Gilles Laurent … MA Tosches,
TM Yamawaki, RK Naumann, AA Jacobi, G. Tushev, G. Laurent …

To understand the function of cortical circuits, it is necessary to catalog their cellular diversity.
Past attempts to do so using anatomical, physiological or molecular features of cortical …

The existence of evolutionarily conserved regions in the vertebrate brain is well established.
The rules and constraints underlying the evolution of neuron types, however, remain poorly …

With the discovery of the incredible diversity of neurons, Cajal and coworkers laid the foundation
of modern neuroscience. Neuron types are not only structural units of nervous systems …

Background Planktonic ciliated larvae are characteristic for the life cycle of marine invertebrates.
Their most prominent feature is the apical organ harboring sensory cells and neurons of …

“Deep inside the skull of every one of us there is something like a brain of a crocodile.
Surrounding the R-complex is the limbic system or mammalian brain, which evolved tens of …

The evolution of advanced cognition in vertebrates is associated with two independent
innovations in the forebrain: the six-layered neocortex in mammals and the dorsal ventricular …

Melatonin, the "hormone of darkness," is a key regulator of vertebrate circadian physiology
and behavior. Despite its ubiquitous presence in Metazoa, the function of melatonin signaling …