Arabidopsis thaliana is a long established model species for plant molecular biology, genetics
and genomics, and studies of A. thaliana gene function provide the basis for formulating …

Fitness landscapes 1 , 2 depict how genotypes manifest at the phenotypic level and form the
basis of our understanding of many areas of biology 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , yet their properties …

Recent advances enabled by the Hi-C technique have unraveled many principles of chromosomal
folding that were subsequently linked to disease and gene regulation. In particular, Hi-…

Background Transcriptome sequencing data has become an integral component of modern
genetics, genomics and evolutionary biology. However, despite advances in the …

Adaptation is driven by natural selection; however, many adaptations are caused by weak
selection acting over large timescales, complicating its study. Therefore, it is rarely possible to …

Anhydrobiosis represents an extreme example of tolerance adaptation to water loss, where
an organism can survive in an ametabolic state until water returns. Here we report the first …

The question on the patterns and limits of reduction of plastid genomes in nonphotosynthetic
plants and the reasons of their conservation is one of the intriguing topics in plant genome …

The kinetoplastids are a widespread and important group of single-celled eukaryotes, many
of which are devastating parasites of animals, including humans [1–3]. We have discovered …

Plastids are the semiautonomous organelles that possess their own genome inherited from
the cyanobacterial ancestor. The primary function of plastids is photosynthesis so the …

Prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR
associated (Cas) immunity relies on adaptive acquisition of spacers—short fragments of foreign …