Abstinence from chronic administration of various drugs of abuse such as ethanol, opiates,
and psychostimulants results in withdrawal syndromes largely unique to each drug class. …

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms, particularly negative emotional states, can persist for months
following the removal of alcohol. These protracted withdrawal symptoms have been …

Dependence is an important factor motivating continued alcohol use in human alcoholics.
Development of a model of ethanol (EtOH) consumption in dependent animals would advance …

Alcohol dependence constitutes a neuroadaptive state critical for understanding alcoholism,
and various methods have been utilized to induce alcohol dependence in animals, one of …

Background: Studies in rodents have determined that intermittent exposure to alcohol vapor
can increase subsequent ethanol self‐administration, measured with operant and 2‐bottle …

Models of dependence-induced increases in ethanol self-administration will be critical in
increasing our understanding of the processes of addiction and relapse, underlying …

Background: The purpose of the present investigation was to more clearly define blood‐alcohol
parameters associated with alcohol dependence produced by alcohol vapor inhalation …

Most human Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use is via inhalation, and yet few animal studies
of inhalation exposure are available. Popularization of non-combusted methods for the …

Abstinence from alcohol is associated with the recruitment of neurons in the central nucleus
of the amygdala (CeA) in nondependent rats that binge drink alcohol and in alcohol-…

Rationale Previous studies report sex differences in some, but not all, responses to cannabinoids
in rats. The majority of studies use parenteral injection; however, most human use is …