Understanding spoken language requires transforming ambiguous acoustic streams into a
hierarchy of representations, from phonemes to meaning. It has been suggested that the …

Perception and perceptual decision-making are strongly facilitated by prior knowledge
about the probabilistic structure of the world. While the computational benefits of using prior …

Predictive coding is possibly one of the most influential, comprehensive, and controversial
theories of neural function. While proponents praise its explanatory potential, critics object that …

Visual context facilitates perception, but how this is neurally implemented remains unclear.
One example of contextual facilitation is found in reading, where letters are more easily …

Hierarchical processing is pervasive in the brain, but its computational significance for learning
under uncertainty is disputed. On the one hand, hierarchical models provide an optimal …

The content of visual working memory (VWM) affects the processing of concurrent visual input.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that stimuli are released from interocular suppression …

Expectations shape our experience of music. However, the internal model upon which
listeners form melodic expectations is still debated. Do expectations stem from Gestalt-like …

Prediction in language has traditionally been studied using simple designs in which neural
responses to expected and unexpected words are compared in a categorical fashion. …

Predictive processing has become an influential framework in cognitive neuroscience. However,
it often lacks specificity and direct empirical support. How can we probe the nature and …

In a typical text, readers look much longer at some words than at others, even skipping
many altogether. Historically, researchers explained this variation via low-level visual or …