Synchronous activation of dopamine neurons, for instance upon presentation of an unexpected
rewarding stimulus, results in the release of dopamine from both terminals in projection …

Inhalable solvents possess significant abuse liability and produce many of the neurobehavioral
effects typically associated with central nervous system-depressant agents, including …

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons are involved in behavioral processes that include
cognition, reward learning, and voluntary movement. Selective deterioration of these neurons is …

Restriction of food intake increases the acquisition of drug abuse behavior and enhances
the reinforcing efficacy of those drugs. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms …

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) play a vital role in everyday tasks, such
as reward-related behavior and voluntary movement, and excessive loss of these neurons is …

In the midbrain, dopamine neurons can release dopamine somatodendritically. This results
in an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) within adjacent dopamine cells that occurs by the …

Background: Methamphetamine is a psychomotor stimulant with abuse liability and a substrate
for catecholamine uptake transporters. Acute methamphetamine elevates extracellular …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a heterogeneous midbrain structure, containing neurons
and astrocytes, that coordinates behaviors by integrating activity from numerous afferents. …

Amphetamine-like compounds are commonly used to enhance cognition and to treat attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but they also function as positive reinforcers and are self-…

Dopamine neurons in the ventral midbrain contribute to learning and memory of natural and
drug-related rewards. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a stress-related peptide, is …