The atypical myrosinase PENETRATION2 (PEN2) is required for broad-spectrum invasion
resistance to filamentous plant pathogens. Previous localization studies suggested PEN2-…

To detect potential pathogens, plants perceive the fungal polysaccharide chitin through receptor
complexes containing lysin motif receptor‐like kinases (LysM‐RLKs). To investigate the …

Terrestrial plants rely on stomata, small pores in the leaf surface, for photosynthetic gas
exchange and transpiration of water. The stomata, formed by a pair of guard cells, dynamically …

Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants.
In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's …

Guard cells dynamically adjust their shape in order to regulate photosynthetic gas exchange,
respiration rates and defend against pathogen entry. Cell shape changes are determined …

Members of the NETWORKED (NET) family are involved in actin-membrane interactions.
Here we show that two members of the NET family, NET4A and NET4B, are essential for …

Plants detect pathogens by sensing microbe‐associated molecular patterns ( MAMP s) through
pattern recognition receptors. Pattern recognition receptor complexes also have roles in …

Non‐host resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Phytophthora infestans, the causal
agent of late blight disease of potato, depends on efficient extracellular pre‐ and post‐invasive …

Plant receptor kinases are key transducers of extracellular stimuli, such as the presence of
beneficial or pathogenic microbes or secreted signaling molecules. Receptor kinases are …

The cell re-entry assay is widely used to evaluate pathogen effector protein uptake into plant
cells. The assay is based on the premise that effector proteins secreted out of a leaf cell …