Autophagy is a highly conserved process that maintains homeostasis by clearing damaged
organelles and long-lived proteins. The consequences of deficiency in autophagy manifest …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an agonist for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and expresses many
genes including NF-κB- and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3/IFN-inducible genes in …

Antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the effects of antibodies against other spike protein …

Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 recognize viral pathogens and induce signals
leading to the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent proinflammatory cytokines …

Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is largely responsible for discriminating self from pathogenic DNA.
However, association of host DNA with autoantibodies activates TLR9, inducing the …

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is essential for host defense against intracellular pathogens. Stimulation
of innate immune cells by IFN-γ upregulates ∼2,000 effector genes such as immunity-…

The inflammasome is an intracellular signaling complex, which on recognition of pathogens
and physiological aberration, drives activation of caspase-1, pyroptosis, and the release of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in host defense against microbes. In the past
decade, growing numbers of in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies have been performed and …

Sensing and clearance of dysfunctional lysosomes is critical for cellular homeostasis. Here
we show that transcription factor EB (TFEB)—a master transcriptional regulator of lysosomal …

Toxoplasma gondii can infect homoeothermic animals including humans and cause lethal
toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals. When hosts are infected with T. gondii, …