P2X receptors are trimeric, non-selective cation channels activated by ATP that have important
roles in the cardiovascular, neuronal and immune systems. Despite their central function …

AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain and
transduce the binding of presynaptically released glutamate to the opening of a transmembrane …

Secondary transporters undergo structural rearrangements to catalyze substrate translocation
across the cell membrane – yet how such conformational changes happen within a lipid …

This paper describes outcomes of the 2019 Cryo-EM Model Challenge. The goals were to (1)
assess the quality of models that can be produced from cryogenic electron microscopy (…

Transporters of the Nramp (Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family import
divalent transition metal ions into cells of most organisms. By supporting metal homeostasis…

Genomic studies and experiments with permeability-deficient strains have revealed a variety
of biological targets that can be engaged to kill Gram-negative bacteria. However, the …

A primary reason for the intense interest in structural biology is the fact that knowledge of
structure can elucidate macromolecular functions in living organisms. Sustained effort has …

Rotary vacuolar adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases) drive transmembrane proton transport
through a V o proton channel subcomplex. Despite recent high-resolution structures of …

Understanding how mutations render a drug ineffective is a problem of immense relevance.
Often the mechanism through which mutations cause drug resistance can be explained …

Cryoelectron microscopy requires molecular modeling for refinement of structures. Ensemble
models arrive at low free-energy molecular structures, but are computationally expensive …