Linear mixed‐effects models are powerful tools for analysing complex datasets with repeated
or clustered observations, a common data structure in ecology and evolution. Mixed‐…

… Based on this analysis of a priori hypotheses of how behaviors covary, Dochtermann and
Jenkins (2007) found support for the inference that D. merriami exhibit personality structure. …

Growing interest in proximate and ultimate causes and consequences of between‐ and
within‐individual variation in labile components of the phenotype – such as behaviour or …

Individual animals frequently exhibit repeatable differences from other members of their
population, differences now commonly referred to as ‘animal personality’. Personality …

Current interest in behavioural syndromes, or ‘animal personalities’, reinforces a need for
behavioural ecologists to adopt a multivariate view of phenotypes. Fortunately, many of the …

… The details of this literature review are provided elsewhere (Dochtermann 2011). Second,
we identified all articles that cited influential reviews by Sih, Bell, and Johnson (2004) and Sih, …

This commentary highlights multivariate tools that have been used by evolutionary biologists
in the study of syndromes and their evolution and discusses the insights that these methods …

The pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis predicts that individual differences in behavior should
integrate with morphological, physiological, and life-history traits along a slow to fast pace-of…

The contribution of genetic variation to phenotypes is a central factor in whether and how
populations respond to selection. The most common approach to estimating these influences is …

Behavioural syndromes, correlations of behaviours conceptually analogous to personalities,
have been a topic of recent attention due to their potential to explain trade-offs in …