Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs, …

In humans, exposure to contexts previously associated with heroin use can provoke relapse.
In rats, exposure to heroin-paired contexts after extinction of drug-reinforced responding in …

Drug craving and relapse to drug use during abstinence are defining features of addiction.
Evidence indicates that drug craving and relapse in humans are often provoked by acute …

Despite decades of research on neurobiological mechanisms of psychostimulant addiction,
the only effective treatment for many addicts is contingency management, a behavioral …

Drug seeking behavior can be reduced or inhibited via extinction. The brain mechanisms for
extinction of drug seeking are poorly understood but are of significant interest because of …

In a rat model of drug craving and relapse, cue-induced drug seeking progressively
increases after withdrawal from methamphetamine and other drugs, a phenomenon termed ‘…

In many human alcoholics, abstinence is self-imposed because of the negative consequences
of excessive alcohol use, and relapse is often triggered by exposure to environmental …

Background Cue-induced methamphetamine craving increases after prolonged forced (experimenter-imposed)
abstinence from the drug (incubation of methamphetamine craving). …

BACKGROUND: Rat studies have demonstrated that exposure to environments associated
with alcohol intake reinstates alcohol seeking after extinction of alcohol-reinforced …

The lateral subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) comprises two groups
of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons that express corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH…