Plastids are descended from a cyanobacterial symbiosis which occurred over 1.2 billion
years ago. During the course of endosymbiosis, most genes were lost from the …

Predicting survival and extinction scenarios for climate change requires an understanding of
the present day ecological characteristics of species and future available habitats, but also …

Comparative transcriptomics and proteomics (T&P) have brought biological insight into
development, gene function, and physiological stress responses. However, RNA-seq and high-…

Rab GTPases play key roles in the delivery, docking and fusion of intracellular vesicles.
However, the mechanism by which spatial and temporal regulation of Rab GTPase activity is …

Background Genomes can be sequenced with relative ease, but ascribing gene function
remains a major challenge. Genetically tractable model systems are crucial to meet this …

Background Transcriptome analysis is increasingly being used to study the evolutionary
origins and ecology of non-model plants. One issue for both transcriptome assembly and …

The plastids of cryptophytes, haptophytes, and heterokontophytes (stramenopiles) (together
once known as chromists) are surrounded by four membranes, reflecting the origin of these …

Cheaters disrupt cooperation by reaping the benefits without paying their fair share of
associated costs. Cheater impact can be diminished if cooperators display a tag (‘greenbeard’) …

Cooperation is ubiquitous across the tree of life, from simple microbes to the complex social
systems of animals [1]. Individuals cooperate by engaging in costly behaviors that can be …

Cell-cell heterogeneity can facilitate lineage choice during embryonic development because
it primes cells to respond to differentiation cues. However, remarkably little is known about …