The mammalian immune system effectively fights infection through the cooperation of two
connected systems, innate and adaptive immunity. Germ‐line encoded pattern recognition …

The initiation of type 2 immune responses by the epithelial cell–derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33
and TSLP has been an area of extensive research in the past decade. Such studies have …

Allergies are generally thought to be a detrimental outcome of a mistargeted immune
response that evolved to provide immunity to macroparasites. Here we present arguments to …

Specific members of the intestinal microbiota dramatically affect inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) in mice. In humans, however, identifying bacteria that preferentially affect disease …

Inflammation is a beneficial host response to infection but can contribute to inflammatory
disease if unregulated. The Th17 lineage of T helper (Th) cells can cause severe human …

The intestinal mucosal barrier controlling the resident microbiome is dependent on a
protective mucus layer generated by goblet cells, impairment of which is a hallmark of the …

Gut commensal bacteria with the ability to translocate across the intestinal barrier can drive
the development of diverse immune-mediated diseases 1 , 2 , 3 – 4 . However, the key …

Microbiota-derived metabolites that elicit DNA damage can contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC).
However, the full spectrum of genotoxic chemicals produced by indigenous gut …

Direct recognition of invading pathogens by innate immune cells is a critical driver of the
inflammatory response. However, cells of the innate immune system can also sense their local …

Recent studies have revealed that the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in host
physiology and pathophysiology in health and disease. One of the major mechanisms by …