… off-peak (redder) light wavelengths, together enabling truly separable control of multiple
populations of neurons when used in conjunction with ChR2 (O. Yizhar, L. Fenno, M. Prigge, K. …

… For instance, in the soma and dendrite, G i/o signalling can activate G-protein-coupled inward
rectifying potassium channels, whereas in the presynaptic compartment the G i/o pathway …

… In summary, Gi/o-coupled receptors are suitable targets for neuronal silencing strategies.
Since GPCRs operate on a slower timescale compared to ion pumps and channels (see Table …

Severe behavioural deficits in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have
been hypothesized to arise from elevations in the cellular balance of excitation and inhibition …

Synchronized oscillations and inhibitory interneurons have important and interconnected
roles within cortical microcircuits. In particular, interneurons defined by the fast-spiking …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have greatly …

Diverse optogenetic tools have allowed versatile control over neural activity. Many depolarizing
and hyperpolarizing tools have now been developed in multiple laboratories and tested …

Neural activity in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus correlates with periods of wakefulness
and arousal. However, it is unclear whether tonic or phasic activity in these neurons is …

Channelrhodopsins such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) can drive spiking with millisecond
precision in a wide variety of cells, tissues and animal species. However, several properties …

… In this constriction site, Ser 102, with a β-OH group that hydrogen bonds to the main-chain
carbonyl oxygen of Thr 98, fixes the position of Asn 297 and, in turn, Asn 297 fixes Glu 129 by …