Animal cells harbour multiple innate effector mechanisms that inhibit virus replication. For the
pathogenic retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), these include widely …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of
coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which ranges from mild respiratory symptoms to acute …

Influenza pandemics occur unpredictably when zoonotic influenza viruses with novel antigenicity
acquire the ability to transmit amongst humans 1 . Host range breaches are limited by …

Typical avian influenza A viruses are restricted from replicating efficiently and causing
disease in humans. However, an avian virus can become adapted to humans by mutating or …

CRISPR knockout (KO) screens have identified host factors regulating severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis …

The myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2) protein of humans has been identified recently as an
interferon (IFN)-inducible inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that acts at a …

Typical avian influenza A viruses do not replicate efficiently in humans. The molecular basis
of host range restriction and adaptation of avian influenza A viruses to a new host species is …

Interferons (IFNs) mediate cellular defence against viral pathogens by upregulation of IFN-stimulated
genes whose products interact with viral components or alter cellular physiology to …

Clade 2.2 Eurasian-lineage H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were
first detected in Qinghai Lake, China, in 2005 and subsequently spread through Asia, …

Translation of most eukaryotic mRNAs involves the synergistic action between the 5′ cap
structure and the 3′ poly(A) tail at the initiation step. The poly(A) tail has also been shown to …