Non-target organisms are globally exposed to herbicides. While many herbicides – for example,
glyphosate – were initially considered safe, increasing evidence demonstrates that they …

OPTIMIZER is an on-line application that optimizes the codon usage of a gene to increase
its expression level. Three methods of optimization are available: the ‘one amino acid–one …

Background The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) was first developed to measure the
synonymous codon usage bias for a DNA or RNA sequence. The CAI quantifies the similarity …

Archaeal and bacterial ribosomes contain more than 50 proteins, including 34 that are
universally conserved in the three domains of cellular life (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes). …

Background Comparative genomics has revealed extensive horizontal gene transfer among
prokaryotes, a development that is often considered to undermine the 'tree of life' concept. …

Background Genomes of bacteria and archaea (collectively, prokaryotes) appear to exist in
incessant flux, expanding via horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication, and contracting …

Background The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is a measure of the synonymous codon
usage bias for a DNA or RNA sequence. It quantifies the similarity between the synonymous …

Here, we address the question of why the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) does not
escape immunity by hyperglycosylation. Uniquely among dozens of monoclonal antibodies …

Glyphosate is the most common broad-spectrum herbicide. It targets the key enzyme of the
shikimate pathway, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which …

Phylogenetic trees of individual genes of prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) generally have
different topologies, largely owing to extensive horizontal gene transfer (HGT), suggesting …